資料來源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

   {To turn one's coat}, to change one's uniform or colors; to
      go over to the opposite party.

   {To turn one's goods} or {money}, and the like, to exchange
      in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange or
      circulation; to gain or increase in trade.

   {To turn one's hand to}, to adapt or apply one's self to; to
      engage in.

   {To turn out}.
      (a) To drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of
          doors; to turn a man out of office.

                I'll turn you out of my kingdom.  -- Shak.
      (b) to put to pasture, as cattle or horses.
      (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of
          manufacture; to furnish in a completed state.
      (d) To reverse, as a pocket, bag, etc., so as to bring the
          inside to the outside; hence, to produce.
      (e) To cause to cease, or to put out, by turning a
          stopcock, valve, or the like; as, to turn out the
          lights.

   {To turn over}.
      (a) To change or reverse the position of; to overset; to
          overturn; to cause to roll over.
      (b) To transfer; as, to turn over business to another
          hand.
      (c) To read or examine, as a book, while, turning the
          leaves. ``We turned o'er many books together.''
          --Shak.
      (d) To handle in business; to do business to the amount
          of; as, he turns over millions a year. [Colloq.]

   {To turn over a new leaf}. See under {Leaf}.

   {To turn tail}, to run away; to retreat ignominiously.

   {To turn the back}, to flee; to retreat.

   {To turn the back on} or

   {upon}, to treat with contempt; to reject or refuse
      unceremoniously.

   {To turn the corner}, to pass the critical stage; to get by
      the worst point; hence, to begin to improve, or to
      succeed.

   {To turn the die} or {dice}, to change fortune.

   {To turn the edge} or {point of}, to bend over the edge or
      point of so as to make dull; to blunt.

   {To turn the head} or {brain of}, to make giddy, wild,
      insane, or the like; to infatuate; to overthrow the reason
      or judgment of; as, a little success turned his head.

   {To turn the scale} or {balance}, to change the
      preponderance; to decide or determine something doubtful.
      

   {To turn the stomach of}, to nauseate; to sicken.

   {To turn the tables}, to reverse the chances or conditions of
      success or superiority; to give the advantage to the
      person or side previously at a disadvantage.

   {To turn tippet}, to make a change. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.

   {To turn to} {profit, advantage}, etc., to make profitable or
      advantageous.

   {To turn up}.
      (a) To turn so as to bring the bottom side on top; as, to
          turn up the trump.
      (b) To bring from beneath to the surface, as in plowing,
          digging, etc.
      (c) To give an upward curve to; to tilt; as, to turn up
          the nose.

   {To turn upon}, to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the
      arguments of an opponent upon himself.

   {To turn upside down}, to confuse by putting things awry; to
      throw into disorder.

            This house is turned upside down since Robin Ostler
            died.                                 --Shak.

Back \Back\, n. [As b[ae]c, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak,
   Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. b?g?
   flight. Cf. {Bacon}.]
   1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending
      from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals,
      that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to
      such part of a human being; as, the back of a horse, fish,
      or lobster.

   2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge.

            [The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave Into
            the clouds.                           --Milton.

   3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the
      inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand, the back of
      the foot, the back of a hand rail.

            Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this, Gave me
            your hands, the backs and palms to kiss. --Donne.

   4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of
      a thing; as, the back of a book; the back of an army; the
      back of a chimney.

   5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which
      fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or
      not generally seen; as, the back of an island, of a hill,
      or of a village.

   6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its
      edge; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw.

   7. A support or resource in reserve.

            This project Should have a back or second, that
            might hold, If this should blast in proof. --Shak.

   8. (Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship.

   9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a
      horizontal underground passage.

   10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing.

             A bak to walken inne by daylight.    --Chaucer.

   {Behind one's back}, when one is absent; without one's
      knowledge; as, to ridicule a person behind his back.

   {Full back}, {Half back}, {Quarter back} (Football), players
      stationed behind those in the front line.

   {To be or lie on one's back}, to be helpless.

   {To put}, {or get}, {one's back up}, to assume an attitude of
      obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when
      attacked.). [Colloq.]

   {To see the back of}, to get rid of.

   {To turn the back}, to go away; to flee.

   {To turn the back on one}, to forsake or neglect him.