資料來源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Line \Line\, n. [OE. line, AS. l[=i]ne cable, hawser, prob. from
   L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax,
   thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by
   F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See {Linen}.]
   1. A linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also, a
      cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as, a fishing
      line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline.

            Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls. --Piers
                                                  Plowman.

   2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver;
      any long mark; as, a chalk line.

   3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road
      or route; as, the arrow descended in a curved line; the
      place is remote from lines of travel.

   4. Direction; as, the line of sight or vision.

   5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a
      row of words extending across a page or column.

   6. A short letter; a note; as, a line from a friend.

   7. (Poet.) A verse, or the words which form a certain number
      of feet, according to the measure.

            In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa.
                                                  --Broome.

   8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method
      of argument; department of industry, trade, or
      intellectual activity.

            He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is
            not the line of a first-rate man.     --Coleridge.

   9. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or
      thickness.

   10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory;
       boundary; contour; outline.

             Eden stretched her line From Auran eastward to the
             royal towers Of great Seleucia.      --Milton.

   11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence,
       characteristic mark.

             Though on his brow were graven lines austere.
                                                  --Byron.

             He tipples palmistry, and dines On all her
             fortune-telling lines.               --Cleveland.

   12. Lineament; feature; figure. ``The lines of my boy's
       face.'' --Shak.

   13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as, a line of
       houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers.

             Unite thy forces and attack their lines. --Dryden.

   14. A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a
       given person; a family or race; as, the ascending or
       descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a
       line of kings.

             Of his lineage am I, and his offspring By very
             line, as of the stock real.          --Chaucer.

   15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an
       established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc.;
       as, a line of stages; an express line.

   16. (Geog.)
       (a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented
           on a map.
       (b) The equator; -- usually called {the line}, or
           {equinoctial line}; as, to cross the line.

   17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked
       with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a
       tapeline.

   18. (Script.)
       (a) A measuring line or cord.

                 He marketh it out with a line.   --Is. xliv.
                                                  13.
       (b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any
           piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of
           abode.

                 The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant
                 places; yea, I have a goodly heritage. --Ps.
                                                  xvi. 6.
       (c) Instruction; doctrine.

                 Their line is gone out through all the earth.
                                                  --Ps. xix. 4.

   19. (Mach.) The proper relative position or adjustment of
       parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference
       to smooth working; as, the engine is in line or out of
       line.

   20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad.

   21. (Mil.)
       (a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether
           side by side or some distance apart; -- opposed to
           {column}.
       (b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished
           from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry,
           artillery, etc.

   22. (Fort.)
       (a) A trench or rampart.
       (b) pl. Dispositions made to cover extended positions,
           and presenting a front in but one direction to an
           enemy.

   23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Form of a vessel as shown by the
       outlines of vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections.

   24. (Mus.) One of the straight horizontal and parallel
       prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are
       placed.

   25. (Stock Exchange) A number of shares taken by a jobber.

   26. (Trade) A series of various qualities and values of the
       same general class of articles; as, a full line of
       hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. --McElrath.

   27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another,
       or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one
       management and name.

   28. pl. The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver.
       [U. S.]

   29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch.

   {Hard lines}, hard lot. --C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.]

   {Line breeding} (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family
      line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or
      mother.

   {Line conch} (Zo["o]l.), a spiral marine shell ({Fasciolaria
      distans}), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by
      narrow, dark, revolving lines.

   {Line engraving}.
       (a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines
           of different width and closeness, cut with the burin
           upon copper or similar material; also, a plate so
           engraved.
       (b) A picture produced by printing from such an
           engraving.

   {Line of battle}.
       (a) (Mil. Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in
           their usual order without any determined maneuver.
       (b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of
           war in an engagement.

   {Line of battle ship}. See {Ship of the line}, below.

   {Line of beauty} (Fine Arts),an abstract line supposed to be
      beautiful in itself and absolutely; -- differently
      represented by different authors, often as a kind of
      elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth).

   {Line of centers}. (Mach.)
       (a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels
           or levers.
       (b) A line which determines a dead center. See {Dead
           center}, under {Dead}.

   {Line of dip} (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or
      part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with
      a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a
      stratum to the horizon.

   {Line of fire} (Mil.), the direction of fire.

   {Line of force} (Physics), any line in a space in which
      forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the
      line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all
      the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential
      surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line
      in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is
      tangential with the direction of a short compass needle
      held at that point. --Faraday.

   {Line of life} (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand,
      curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate,
      by its form or position, the length of a person's life.

   {Line of lines}. See {Gunter's line}.

   {Line of march}. (Mil.)
       (a) Arrangement of troops for marching.
       (b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of
           troops in marching.

   {Line of operations}, that portion of a theater of war which
      an army passes over in attaining its object. --H. W.
      Halleck.

   {Line of sight} (Firearms), the line which passes through the
      front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are
      sighted at an object.

   {Line tub} (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a
      whaleboat is coiled.

   {Mason and Dixon's line}

Hard \Hard\, a. [Compar. {Harder}; superl. {Hardest}.] [{OE}.
   heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. heard, G. hart, OHG.
   harti, Icel. har?r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus,
   Gr.? strong, ?, ?, strength, and also to E. -ard, as in
   coward, drunkard, -crat, -cracy in autocrat, democracy; cf.
   Skr. kratu strength, ? to do, make. Cf. {Hardy}.]
   1. Not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts; not
      yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact; -- applied to
      material bodies, and opposed to soft; as, hard wood; hard
      flesh; a hard apple.

   2. Difficult, mentally or judicially; not easily apprehended,
      decided, or resolved; as a hard problem.

            The hard causes they brought unto Moses. --Ex.
                                                  xviii. 26.

            In which are some things hard to be understood. --2
                                                  Peter iii. 16.

   3. Difficult to accomplish; full of obstacles; laborious;
      fatiguing; arduous; as, a hard task; a disease hard to
      cure.

   4. Difficult to resist or control; powerful.

            The stag was too hard for the horse.  --L'Estrange.

            A power which will be always too hard for them.
                                                  --Addison.

   5. Difficult to bear or endure; not easy to put up with or
      consent to; hence, severe; rigorous; oppressive;
      distressing; unjust; grasping; as, a hard lot; hard times;
      hard fare; a hard winter; hard conditions or terms.

            I never could drive a hard bargain.   --Burke.

   6. Difficult to please or influence; stern; unyielding;
      obdurate; unsympathetic; unfeeling; cruel; as, a hard
      master; a hard heart; hard words; a hard character.

   7. Not easy or agreeable to the taste; stiff; rigid;
      ungraceful; repelling; as, a hard style.

            Figures harder than even the marble itself.
                                                  --Dryden.

   8. Rough; acid; sour, as liquors; as, hard cider.

   9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance; not aspirated,
      sibilated, or pronounced with a gradual change of the
      organs from one position to another; -- said of certain
      consonants, as c in came, and g in go, as distinguished
      from the same letters in center, general, etc.

   10. Wanting softness or smoothness of utterance; harsh; as, a
       hard tone.

   11. (Painting)
       (a) Rigid in the drawing or distribution of the figures;
           formal; lacking grace of composition.
       (b) Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in the
           coloring or light and shade.

   {Hard cancer}, {Hard case}, etc. See under {Cancer}, {Case},
      etc.

   {Hard clam}, or {Hard-shelled clam} (Zo["o]l.), the guahog.
      

   {Hard coal}, anthracite, as distinguished from bituminous or
      soft coal.

   {Hard and fast}. (Naut.) See under {Fast}.

   {Hard finish} (Arch.), a smooth finishing coat of hard fine
      plaster applied to the surface of rough plastering.

   {Hard lines}, hardship; difficult conditions.

   {Hard money}, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper
      money.

   {Hard oyster} (Zo["o]l.), the northern native oyster. [Local,
      U. S.]

   {Hard pan}, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the soil;
      hence, figuratively, the firm, substantial, fundamental
      part or quality of anything; as, the hard pan of
      character, of a matter in dispute, etc. See {Pan}.

   {Hard rubber}. See under {Rubber}.

   {Hard solder}. See under {Solder}.

   {Hard water}, water, which contains lime or some mineral
      substance rendering it unfit for washing. See {Hardness},
      3.

   {Hard wood}, wood of a solid or hard texture; as walnut, oak,
      ash, box, and the like, in distinction from pine, poplar,
      hemlock, etc.

   {In hard condition}, in excellent condition for racing;
      having firm muscles;-said of race horses.

   Syn: Solid; arduous; powerful; trying; unyielding; stubborn;
        stern; flinty; unfeeling; harsh; difficult; severe;
        obdurate; rigid. See {Solid}, and {Arduous}.