資料來源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Muriatic \Mu`ri*at"ic\, a. [L. muriaticus pickled, from muria
   brine: cf. F. muriatique.] (Chem.)
   Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sea salt, or from
   chlorine, one of the constituents of sea salt; hydrochloric.

   {Muriatic acid}, hydrochloric acid, {HCl}; -- formerly called
      also {marine acid}, and {spirit of salt}. See
      {hydrochloric}, and the Note under {Muriate}.

Ion \I"on\, n.
   1. One of the electrified particles into which, according to
      the electrolytic dissociation theory, the molecules of
      electrolytes are divided by water and other solvents. An
      ion consists of one or more atoms and carries a unit
      charge of electricity, 3.4 x 10^{-10} electrostatic units,
      or a multiple of this. Those which are positively
      electrified (hydrogen and the metals) are called
      {cations}; negative ions (hydroxyl and acidic atoms or
      groups) are called {anions}.

   Note: Thus, hydrochloric acid ({HCl}) dissociates, in aqueous
         solution, into the hydrogen ion, H^{+}, and the
         chlorine ion, Cl^{-}; ferric nitrate, {Fe(NO3)3},
         yields the ferric ion, Fe^{+++}, and nitrate ions,
         NO3^{-}, NO3^{-}, NO3^{-}. When a solution containing
         ions is made part of an electric circuit, the cations
         move toward the cathode, the anions toward the anode.
         This movement is called migration, and the velocity of
         it differs for different kinds of ions. If the
         electromotive force is sufficient, electrolysis ensues:
         cations give up their charge at the cathode and
         separate in metallic form or decompose water, forming
         hydrogen and alkali; similarly, at the anode the
         element of the anion separates, or the metal of the
         anode is dissolved, or decomposition occurs.

   2. One of the small electrified particles into which the
      molecules of a gas are broken up under the action of the
      electric current, of ultraviolet and certain other rays,
      and of high temperatures. To the properties and behavior
      of ions the phenomena of the electric discharge through
      rarefied gases and many other important effects are
      ascribed. At low pressures the negative ions appear to be
      electrons; the positive ions, atoms minus an electron. At
      ordinary pressures each ion seems to include also a number
      of attached molecules. Ions may be formed in a gas in
      various ways.

Type \Type\, n. [F. type; cf. It. tipo, from L. typus a figure,
   image, a form, type, character, Gr. ? the mark of a blow,
   impression, form of character, model, from the root of ? to
   beat, strike; cf. Skr. tup to hurt.]
   1. The mark or impression of something; stamp; impressed
      sign; emblem.

            The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings,
            Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel.
                                                  --Shak.

   2. Form or character impressed; style; semblance.

            Thy father bears the type of king of Naples. --Shak.

   3. A figure or representation of something to come; a token;
      a sign; a symbol; -- correlative to antitype.

            A type is no longer a type when the thing typified
            comes to be actually exhibited.       --South.

   4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic
      qualities; the representative. Specifically:
      (a) (Biol.) A general form or structure common to a number
          of individuals; hence, the ideal representation of a
          species, genus, or other group, combining the
          essential characteristics; an animal or plant
          possessing or exemplifying the essential
          characteristics of a species, genus, or other group.
          Also, a group or division of animals having a certain
          typical or characteristic structure of body maintained
          within the group.

                Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the
                whole animal kingdom has been universally held
                to be divisible into a small number of main
                divisions or types.               --Haeckel.
      (b) (Fine Arts) The original object, or class of objects,
          scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject
          of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or
          a coin.
      (c) (Chem.) A simple compound, used as a mode or pattern
          to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as
          being related, and from which they may be actually or
          theoretically derived.

   Note: The fundamental types used to express the simplest and
         most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric
         acid, {HCl}; water, {H2O}; ammonia, {NH3}; and methane,
         {CH4}.

   5. (Typog.)
      (a) A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character,
          cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing.
      (b) Such letters or characters, in general, or the whole
          quantity of them used in printing, spoken of
          collectively; any number or mass of such letters or
          characters, however disposed.

   Note: Type are mostly made by casting type metal in a mold,
         though some of the larger sizes are made from maple,
         mahogany, or boxwood. In the cut, a is the body; b, the
         face, or part from which the impression is taken; c,
         the shoulder, or top of the body; d, the nick
         (sometimes two or more are made), designed to assist
         the compositor in distinguishing the bottom of the face
         from the top; e, the groove made in the process of
         finishing, -- each type as cast having attached to the
         bottom of the body a jet, or small piece of metal
         (formed by the surplus metal poured into the mold),
         which, when broken off, leaves a roughness that
         requires to be removed. The fine lines at the top and
         bottom of a letter are technically called ceriphs, and
         when part of the face projects over the body, as in the
         letter f, the projection is called a kern. The type
         which compose an ordinary book font consist of Roman
         CAPITALS, small capitals, and lower-case letters, and
         Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with
         accompanying figures, points, and reference marks, --
         in all about two hundred characters. Including the
         various modern styles of fancy type, some three or four
         hundred varieties of face are made. Besides the
         ordinary Roman and Italic, some of the most important
         of the varieties are -- Old English. Black Letter. Old
         Style. French Elzevir. Boldface. Antique. Clarendon.
         Gothic. Typewriter. Script. The smallest body in common
         use is diamond; then follow in order of size, pearl,
         agate, nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois (or
         two-line diamond), long primer (or two-line pearl),
         small pica (or two-line agate), pica (or two-line
         nonpareil), English (or two-line minion), Columbian (or
         two-line brevier), great primer (two-line bourgeois),
         paragon (or two-line long primer), double small pica
         (or two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line
         pica), double English (or two-line English), double
         great primer (or two-line great primer), double paragon
         (or two-line paragon), canon (or two-line double pica).
         Above this, the sizes are called five-line pica,
         six-line pica, seven-line pica, and so on, being made
         mostly of wood. The following alphabets show the
         different sizes up to great primer. Brilliant . .
         abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Hydrochloric \Hy`dro*chlo"ric\, a. [Hydro-, 2 + chloric: cf. F.
   hydrochlorique.] (Chem.)
   Pertaining to, or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas;
   as, hydrochloric acid; chlorhydric.

   {Hydrochloric acid} (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a colorless,
      corrosive gas, {HCl}, of pungent, suffocating odor. It is
      made in great quantities in the soda process, by the
      action of sulphuric acid on common salt. It has a great
      affinity for water, and the commercial article is a strong
      solution of the gas in water. It is a typical acid, and is
      an indispensable agent in commercial and general chemical
      work. Called also {muriatic, & chlorhydric, acid}.